Bidental fricatives
| Voiceless bidental fricative | |
|---|---|
| h̪͆ | |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help |
| Voiced bidental fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɦ̪͆ | |
| IPA number | 146 + 653 |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help | |
The voiceless bidental fricative is a rare consonantal sound found in one natural language, in the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe, where it appears as a variant of /x/.[1][2] People with hypoglossia (abnormally small tongue) may use it for target /s/. It can be represented in the extIPA as ⟨h̪͆⟩.[3]
The voiced bidental fricative is unlikely to occur in any languages, but it can be represented as ⟨ɦ̪͆⟩.
Features
Features of the voiceless bidental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bidental, which means it is articulated with the lower and upper teeth pressed together.
- Its phonation is un-voiced, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is exclusively allowed to escape through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | Black Sea (Shapsug) dialect[1][2] | дахэ | [daːh̪͆a] | 'pretty' | Corresponds to [x] in other dialects. |
See also
References
- ^ a b Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- ^ a b Trask, R. L. (2004-08-02). A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-83101-2.
- ^ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02699206.2024.2365205