This list of prehistoric echinoids is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera from the fossil record that have ever been considered to be echinoids, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered echinoids.
Naming conventions and terminology
Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:
- Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
- Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
- Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
- Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
- Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.
The list
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| Genus
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Authors
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Year
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Status
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Age
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Location
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Notes
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Abatus
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Abertella
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Acanthechinus
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Acriaster
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Acrocidaris
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Acrolusia
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Acropeltis
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Acrosalenia
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Acrosaster
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Actinophyma
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Adytaster
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Aeolopneustes
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Agassizia
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Aguayoaster
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Albertechinus
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Allocentrotus
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Allomma
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Allotoxaster
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Alpicidaris
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Ambipleurus
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Amblypgus
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Amblypneustes
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Ammotrophus
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Amoraster
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Amphiope
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Anaulocidaris
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Ancylocidaris
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Anisaser
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Anisocidaris
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Anorthopygus
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Antillaster
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Apatopygus
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Aphelaster
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Apoxypetalum
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Aprilechinus
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Arachniopleurus
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Arachnoides
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Araeosoma
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Arbacia
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Arbacina
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Arbia
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Archaechinus
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Archaeocidaris
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Archiacia
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Arnaudaster
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Asaphechinus
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Asterocidaris
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Asterostoma
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Asthenosoma
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Astriclypeus
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Astrodapsis
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Astrolampus
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Astropygaulus
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Atactus
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Atelospatangus
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Atlasaster
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Atopechinus
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Aulechinus
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Aurelianaster
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Australanthus
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Austrocidaris
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Balanocidaris
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Barnumia
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Basseaster
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Baueria
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Besairecidaris
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Boletechinus
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Bothriocidaris
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Bothryopneutes
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Bramus
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Breynia
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Brightonia
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Brisaster
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Brissolampas
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Brissomorpha
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Brissopatagus
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Brissopneustes
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Brissopsis
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Brissus
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Brochechinus
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Brochopleurus
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Caenholectypus
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Caenocidaris
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Cagaster
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Calilampus
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Calocidaris
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Camerogalerus
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Cardabia
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Cardiaster
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Cardiolampas
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Cardiopelta
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Cardiotaxis
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Caribbaster
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Cassidulus
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Catopygus
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Cavanechinus
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Centropygus
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Centrostephanus
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Cestobrissus
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Chelonechinus
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Cheopsia
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Chondrocidaris
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Chuniola
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Cibaster
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Cidaris
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Cidaropsis
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Cionobrissus
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Circopeltis
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Claviaster
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Cleistechinus
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Cluniaster
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Clypeanthus
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Clypeaster
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Clypeolampas
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Clypeopygus
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Clypeus
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Codechinus
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Codiopsis
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Coelopleurus
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Colliclypeus
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Collyrites
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Collyropsis
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Colpotiara
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Conoclypus
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Conulus
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Coptodiscus
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Coraster
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Corechinus
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Corthya
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Coryslus
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Cottaldia
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Cotteaudia
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Cottreaucorys
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Cravenechinus
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Crinocidaris
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Crucibrissus
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Cryptechinus
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Cubanaster
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Cyamidia
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Cyathocidaris
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Cyclaster
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Cyclolampas
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Daradaster
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Delocidaris
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Dendraster
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Deneechinus
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Desmechinus
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Desorella
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Devonocidaris
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Diadema
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Diademopsis
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Dialyaster
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Dictyopleurus
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Dicyclocidaris
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Diplechinus
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Diplocidaris
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Diplodetus
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Diplopodia
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Diploporaster
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Diplosalenia
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Diplotagma
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Disaster
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Discholectypus
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Discoides
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Distefanaster
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Ditremaster
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Dixieus
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Dixonia
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Domechinus
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Dorocidaris
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Douvillaster
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Dubarechinus
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Dumblea
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Duncaniaster
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Duperieria
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Durhamella
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Echinanthus
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Echinarachnius
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Echinocardium
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Echinocorys
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Echinocyamus
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Echinocyphus
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Echinocyphus
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Echinocystites
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Echinodiscus
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Echinogalerus
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Echinolampas
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Echinometra
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Echinoneus
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Echinopedina
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Echinopsis
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Echinostrephus
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Echinothuria
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Echinotiara
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Echinus
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Ectinechinus
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Ellipsechinus
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Enallopneustes
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Encope
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Endeodiadema
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Engelia
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Enichaster
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Entomaster
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Eodiadema
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Eogaleropygus
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Eosalenia
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Eoscutella
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Eoscutum
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Eothuria
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Epiaster
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Erbechinus
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Eucidaris
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Eupatagus
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Eurhodia
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Eurypetalum
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Eurypneustes
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Eurysalenia
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Evechinus
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Faorina
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Farquharsonia
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Faujasia
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Fauraster
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Fellaster
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Fellius
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Fernandezaster
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Fibularia
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Fibulaster
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Fibulina
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Firmacidaris
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Fossulaster
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Fournierechinus
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Fourtaunia
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Gagaria
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Galeaster
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Galeola
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Galeraster
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Galerites
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Galeroclypeus
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Galeropygus
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Ganbirretia
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Garumnaster
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Gauthieria
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Gauthiosoma
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Gentilia
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Gibbaster
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Gillechinus
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Giraliaster
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Gitolampas
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Globator
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Glyphocyphus
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Glyphopneustes
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Glypotocidaris
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Glyptechinus
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Glypticus
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|
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|
|
|
Glyptocyphus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gomphechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gongrochanus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goniocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goniophorus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goniopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goniosigma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gonzalezaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gotlandechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gracilechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grammechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Granobrissoides
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Graphepleurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grasia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gualtieria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guettaria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gymnocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gymnodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habanaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hagenowia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Haimea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hardouinia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hattopsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heliocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heliophora
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Helodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemiaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemicara
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemicidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemidiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemifaorina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemigymnia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemipedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemipneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemithylus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hemitiaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hernandezaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Herreraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hesperaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hessotiara
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heteraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterobrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterocentrotus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterolampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heteropedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterosalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hikelaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hirudocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Histocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Holaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Holcopneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Holectypus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Homoeaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Homoeopetalus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hupea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Huttonechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hyattechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hyboclypus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypopygurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hyposalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypsopatagus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypsopygaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hysteraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Idiocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Iheringiella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ilarionia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Infraclypeus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Infulaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Iraniaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Irenechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Isaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Isechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ismidaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Isomicraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Isopetalum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Isopneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jacksonaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jacquiertia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jeannetia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jeronia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Karlaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kephrenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kertaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kewia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kierechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kongielechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Koninckocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Labrotaxis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Laevipatagus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Laganum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lajanaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lambertechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lambertiaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lambertona
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lampadaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lampadocorys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lanieria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lanternarius
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Laticlypus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ledidocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lefortia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leiocyphus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leioechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leiopedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leiostomaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lenicyamidia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leniechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lenita
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lenticidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leodia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lepidechinoides
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lepidechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lepidesthes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lepidocentrus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leptechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leptocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leptopleurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leptosalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leurocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Levicidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leviechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Linthia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loriolella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loriolia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loriolipedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lovenechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lovenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lovenilampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lutetiaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lytechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maccoya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macrodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macropneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Magnosia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maretia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mariania
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Martinechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mattsechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mauritanaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mazzettia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medocechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Meekechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Megacidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Megapetalus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Megapneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Megaporocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mellita
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mellitella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Melonechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Menocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Menopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Menuthiaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Meoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mepygurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Merocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Merriamaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mesodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mesodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Messaoudia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Metalia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Metaporinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Metholectypus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Micraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Microcyphus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Microdiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Microlampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Micropedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Micropsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Migliorinia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mikrocidarió
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minicidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mirechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moira
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moiropsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mokotibaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Monodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Monophoraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Monostychia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moronaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortensenaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortonella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mundaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Murravechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Myriastiches
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Narindechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neobothriocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neocatopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neoglobator
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neolaganum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neoproraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Neorumphia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nipponaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nipponaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Noetlingaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nordenskjoeldaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nortonechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notolampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nucleolites
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nucleopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nudechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nudobrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ochetes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oedematocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Offaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oligophyma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oligoporus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oligopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oolopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Opechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Opisopneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Opissaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Orbignyana
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ornithaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Orthaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Orthocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Orthopsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oustechnius
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oviclypeus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ovulaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ovulechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pachycidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palaechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palaeodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palaeodiscus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palaeopedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palaeostoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paleopneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palhemiaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palmeraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Palmerius
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parabrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paracidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paradoxechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paraheteraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parapygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parasalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parascutella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parhabdocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parmulechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paronaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parvicidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paurocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pedinopsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pedinothuria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pelanechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pelanodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pentechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pentedium
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peraspatangus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Periarchus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Periaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peribrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pericosmus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Perischocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Perischodomus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peronella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peronellites
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Petalobrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phalacrocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phalacropedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pharaonaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pholidechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pholidocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phyllacanthus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phyllobrissus
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
Phymechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phymopedina
|
|
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|
|
Phymosoma
|
|
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|
|
|
|
Phymotaxis
|
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|
|
Physaster
|
|
|
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|
Pictaviechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pileus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pisolampas
|
|
|
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|
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|
Plagiobrissus
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
Plagiochasma
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
Platipygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Platybrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plegiocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pleiechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pleiocyphus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plesiaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plesiocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plesiolampas
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
Plesiopatagus
|
|
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|
Pleurodiadema
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
Pliolampas
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Plococidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polycidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polycyphus
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Polydesmaster
|
|
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|
Polydiadema
|
|
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|
|
Polyplacida
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
Polysalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polytaxicidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pomaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Porechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poriocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Porocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poropeltaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Porosoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Porpitella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pourtalesia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prenaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Printechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prionechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prionocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Procidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proescutella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Progonechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proholaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pronechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prophyllacanthus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prosostoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protenaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proterocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protobrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protolampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protoscutella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prowillungaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Psammechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Psephechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Psephoaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudananchys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudarbacia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudarbacina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudholaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudobrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudocentrotus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudodicoptella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudoffaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudogibbaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudolinthia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudopedina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudopygaulus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudopygurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudorthopsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudosalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudosorella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudowashitaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pusillaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygaulus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygidiolampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygomalus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygopistes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygopyrina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygorhynchus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygorhytis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygospatangus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygurostoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pygurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pyrina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rachiosoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Radiobrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Radiocyphus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Radiolus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Recrosalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Remondella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rhabdocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rhenechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rhopostoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rhyncholampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rhynchopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rhynobrissus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rispolia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rojasia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rotula
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rotuloidea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royasendia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rumphia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Runa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salenidia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salmacis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Samlandaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanchezaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanchezella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Santeelampas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sardocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Savainiaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scagliaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scaphechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scaptodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Schizaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Schizechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Schizopneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scolechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scoliechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scutaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scutella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scutellaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scutellina
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scutellinoides
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scutulum
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Semipetalion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Serpianotiaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seunaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Silurocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sinaecidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sismondia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Somalechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Somaliaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spaniocyphus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spatagoides
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spatangomorpha
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spatangus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sphaerechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sphaerotiaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stegaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stegopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stenechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stenoaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stereocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sternotaxis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stigmatopygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stirechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stomaporus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stomechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stomopneutes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Strongylocentrotus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Studeria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stylocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Taimanawa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Taphraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tarphypygus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tatechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Temnechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Temnocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Temnopleurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Temnotrema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tenuirachnius
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Termieria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tessieria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tetracidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tetragramma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tetraramania
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thagastea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thierychinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tholaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thylechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tiarechinopsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tiarechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tiaridia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tiaromma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Titanaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tithonia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Togocyamus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tornquistellus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tournoueraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toxaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toxopatagus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toxopneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trachypatagus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tretocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triadechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triadocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triassicidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triplacidia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tripneustes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tripylus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trisalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trochalosoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trochodiadema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trochoechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trochotiara
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turanglaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tylocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unibothriocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unifascia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Valsalenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vaquerosella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verbeekia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vernius
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Victoriaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vinchuscanchaia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vologesia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vomeraster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Washitaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weisbordella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Willungaster
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Winkleria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wrightia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wuarnia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wythella
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Xenechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Xenocidaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Xysteria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zardinechinus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zenocentrotus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zeuglopleurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zeugopleurus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zuffardia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zumoffenia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See also
References