Hurricane John

This article is about the 2024 Eastern Pacific hurricane. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named John.

Hurricane John
John at peak intensity while it approached the coast of Mexico early on September 24
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 22, 2024
DissipatedSeptember 27, 2024
Category 3 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds120 mph (195 km/h)
Lowest pressure956 mbar (hPa); 28.23 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities29
Damage$2.45 billion (2024 USD)(Fourth-costliest Pacific Hurricane on record)
Areas affectedSouthwestern Mexico (especially Oaxaca and Guerrero)
Part of the 2024 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane John was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone that caused deadly flooding and record rainfall across southern Mexico for several days in September 2024. The eleventh named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2024 Pacific hurricane season, John originated from a low-pressure area offshore Southern Mexico. This low developed into Tropical Depression Ten‑E on the afternoon of September 22, strengthening into Tropical Storm John the following morning. Undergoing rapid intensification, John strengthened from a moderate tropical storm into a Category 3 hurricane on September 24. It was at that intensity that John made landfall in Marquelia, Guerrero, later that day. Once inland, John rapidly weakened, dissipating over Mexico later that day. However, the mid-level remnants of John moved back over the ocean, where favorable conditions enabled John to redevelop. On September 27, after again becoming a minimal hurricane, Tropical Storm John made its second landfall, this time near Tizupan, Michoacán. Hours later, it dissipated for a final time over the coastal mountains.

John resulted in strong winds, catastrophic flooding, and numerous mudslides across much of coastal southwestern Mexico. A total of 950 mm (37 in) of rain fell across parts of Guerrero, with similarly extreme rainfall in neighboring Oaxaca and Michoacán. More than 98,000 people lost power in Oaxaca. As of September 28, twenty-nine deaths have been reported in association with John, and the storm is estimated to have caused US$2.45 billion in damage to southern Mexico.

Meteorological history

On September 21, an area of low pressure producing disorganized showers and thunderstorms formed off the coast of southern Mexico.[1] The system became better organized the following day and attained a closed surface circulation, resulting in the formation of Tropical Depression Ten‑E on the afternoon of September 22, about 175 mi (280 km) south of Punta Maldonado, Guerrero.[2] The system continued to develop that night, and strengthened into Tropical Storm John at 06:00 UTC the following morning.[3] While moving slowly to the north-northeast on September 23, caught in the southwesterly flow associated with the monsoon trough near Central America,[4] John initiated rapid intensification. It became a Category 1 hurricane at 17:45 UTC that same day,[5] and then, just nine hours later, reached Category 3 major hurricane intensity with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[6] It was at that intensity that John made landfall in Marquelia, Guerrero, about 25 mi (40 km) northwest of Punta Maldonado, at 03:20 UTC on September 24.[7] John rapidly weakened inland, with its winds falling to tropical storm strength about 12 hours later.[8] By 18:00 UTC that day, John dissipated over the rugged terrain of southern Mexico.[9]

An elongated trough developed in association with John's remnants as the cyclone dissipated.[9] The trough produced a large area of shower and thunderstorm activity, and began showing signs of organization on September 25.[10] Ship observations indicated significant pressure falls within the system, and by 15:00 UTC, John reformed into a tropical storm.[11][12] John moved slowly to the north-northwest after it reformed, and within favorable environmental conditions for strengthening, the storm steadily re-intensified.[13] Continuing its slow motion very close to the southwestern coast of Mexico, John developed a small, closed eye, and re-intensified to a minimal hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 26.[14][15] John continued to move very slowly near the coast, where its proximity to the rugged terrain of Mexico halted intensification; the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm at 3:00 UTC the following day.[16] After hugging the coast for nearly 36 hours and continuing to weaken, John finally made landfall on southwestern Mexico for the second time at 16:00 UTC on September 27 with sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).[17] John's surface center dissipated shortly thereafter, and the United States-based National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory on the storm three hours later.[18]

Preparations

Upon the formation of John as a tropical cyclone on the afternoon of September 22, a Tropical Storm Watch was issued from Punta Maldonado to Salina Cruz, Oaxaca.[19] At 09:00 UTC the following day, this was changed to a Tropical Storm Warning from Punta Maldonado to Huatulco, with a Tropical Storm Watch extending to Salina Cruz. A Hurricane Watch was declared within the Tropical Storm Warning area.[20] The Hurricane Watch was upgraded to a Hurricane Warning a few hours later.[21] A red emergency alert was issued for Guerrero and Oaxaca.[22] John threatened parts of Mexico still recovering from Hurricane Otis the previous year, which underwent a similar rapid intensification phase. Tourists in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, were expected to be evacuated by the Secretariat of Civil Protection (SSPC).[23] Businesses across the city were closed.[24] The Puerto Escondido International Airport also closed for the duration of the storm.[25] 4,476 schools were closed.[26] When the storm redeveloped, a red emergency alert was issued for Michoacán and classes were suspended. The port of Lázaro Cárdenas was closed. In Colima, an orange emergency alert was issued and 15 shelters were opened. Officials warned of wind speeds up to 70-90 km/h (43-56 mph), wave heights of 2-4 meters (6.56-13.1 ft), and waterspouts.[27][28][29] In the State of Mexico, a yellow emergency alert was issued. Residents were urged to remove trash from gutters and avoid crossing flooded roadways.[30] In Veracruz, a blue alert was issued.[31] Officials in Jalisco warned of rainfall totals up to 150-250 mm (5.91-9.84 in).[32]

Authorities in Oaxaca opened 110 temporary storm shelters, while 299 were opened in Guerrero.[33] The Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) deployed over 1,400 electricians and several cranes and emergency power plants to respond to power outages in affected regions.[34] Schools were closed across Guerrero and Oaxaca.[22]

Impact

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants Mexico (Overall)
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 1576 62.05 Wilma 2005 Quintana Roo [35]
2 1442 56.8 Guerrero [36]
3 1119 44.06 Frances 1998 Escuintla [37]
4 1098 43.23 TD 11 (1999) Jalacingo [38]
5 1011 39.80 Juliette 2001 Cuadano/Santiago [39]
6 950 37.41 Dolly 1996 Igualapa [40]
7 941 37.06 Fifi–Orlene 1974 Tlanchinol [41]
8 890 35.04 Alex 2010 Monterrey [42]
9 805 31.69 Gert 1993 Aquismón [43]
10 791 31.15 Hermine 1980 San Pedro Tapanatepec [44]

According to Gallagher Re, economic losses totaled to US$2.45 billion.[45] At least 29 people died in the storm: 23 in Guerrero, 5 in Oaxaca, and 1 in Michoacán.[46][47] John dropped historic amounts of rain over Mexico, bringing 214% more water than Hurricane Pauline, which devastated southern Mexico in 1997.[48] A maximum of 1,442 mm (56.8 in) of rain fell in Guerrero, five times the amount that Hurricane Otis brought the previous year.[49] In Acapulco, a total of 1,130 mm (44.6 in) of rain fell.[17] In Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán, 782 mm (30.8 in) of rain fell.[50] Over 250 mm (10 in) of rain fell across parts of Guerrero and Oaxaca within the first few hours after John's landfall.[51] Some local regions along John's path received 80% of their typical yearly rainfall from the storm.[52][53] Torrential rains also fell across the neighboring states of Chiapas, Veracruz, Michoacán and Puebla.[54] Areas along the southwestern Mexican coast experienced mudslides while tin roofs were blown off several houses.[55]

Guerrero

Extensive flooding occurred across 39 neighborhoods and 18 urban areas in Acapulco. Damage was reported in at least 29 municipalities. In Chilpancingo, the Huacapa river overflowed, flooding the El Palmar and Renacimiento neighborhoods. The small village of El Espinalillo in southern Guerrero was completely cut off from electricity, potable water and communications outside the town. The Mexican federal government's National Civil Protection Coordination rescued 5,120 people from flooded areas in Acapulco. In Acapulco, more than 39,491 homes were flooded, leaving 127,844 people homeless. In the Diamante Zone, floodwaters reached an average of 1.5-2 meters (4.92-6.56 ft) in homes. Outside of Acapulco, damage was reported in 28 municipalities, with 27,000 homes being damaged, affecting 108,792 people. Overall, a total of 41,101 homes in Guerrero were in need of significant reconstruction or rehabilitation due to the extensive damage wrought by John. At least 206 hotels, 569 schools, 105 restaurants, and numerous animal shelters were damaged as well. The Arena GNP Seguros was flooded. In Acapulco, a drainpipe was damaged, causing wastewater to flood onto several streets. Numerous vehicles were swept away by overflowing rivers or crushed by rockslides. A total of 120,000 people were left jobless as a result of the storm. At least 143 roads suffered severe damage and 40 bridges collapsed. Severe agricultural impact was also reported, with 7,268 corn, plantain, and coconut farmers suffering losses. 260,000 hectares of corn were lost, affecting 60% of the harvest. Additionally, 10,000 hectares of mango were lost, affecting 60% of the harvest. Total losses in Acapulco reached Mex$22 billion (US$1.18 billion), with commercial losses estimated at Mex$1.5 billion (US$76.2 million).[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][48][52][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]

President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador reported that eight people were killed in Acapulco.[72] Two people were reported missing after a wall collapse.[72] Governor of Guerrero Evelyn Salgado reported two deaths caused by a landslide in the municipality of Tlacoachistlahuaca.[73] Additionally, a 70-year-old woman was killed in Malinaltepec when a landslide struck her house.[74] A 45-year-old couple was killed after their house collapsed on them.[75]

Oaxaca

In Oaxaca, wind gusts up to 200 km/h (124 mph) and wave heights of 5-7 m (16.4-23 ft) were reported. Damage was reported in 73 municipalities. Fallen trees and a total of 131 landslides were reported, 80 of which occurred in the Mixteca Region, isolating at least 30 communities, damaging 300 roads, and destroying numerous bridges. The Río Verde overflowed. A sinkhole was reported on the Oaxaca-Pinotepa highway. Power outages were also reported. At least 1,240 homes and 122 schools were damaged. 5,500 families and 1,600 farmers were affected by the storm. Overall, officials estimated a total of 7,845 homes needed to be reconstructed due to the severe damage from the storm. At least 21,000 hectares of corn and papaya, along with numerous amounts of lemon and plantain, were lost, affecting more than 800 families. More than 200 cattle, along with numerous chickens, were killed, affecting 32 livestock members. Due to the extensive flooding, crocodiles were sighted. A disaster declaration was requested in 65 municipalities.[76][77][60][56][78][79][80][81][26][82][83][84][85] In San José Peñasco, a man was killed after being swept away by a river. In Amoltepec, a woman was killed after her house was buried in a landslide. Additionally, a five-year-old boy was found dead after the passage of the storm.[86]

Michoacán

In Michoacán, flooding, fallen trees, and landslides were reported. The Cutzamala River and Balsas River overflowed, flooding a total of 799 homes, affecting 1,300 people, and causing severe damage in 35 municipalities. 150 schools were damaged. More than 21,000 hectares of corn, sorghum, and sesame were flooded, affecting 9,541 agricultural products. 970 cows and pigs were lost, and 3,852 kilometers of farm roads were damaged as well. 68 landslides were reported, damaging 16 roads and bridges. A portion of the road to Tumbiscatío was completely destroyed. The government estimated that it would cost Mex$80-90 million (US$4.25-4.78 million) to repair the road. The government estimated that a total of Mex$520 million (US$27.7 million) would be needed to repair the damage to roads caused by the storm. In Lázaro Cárdenas, a storage yard with cars was flooded. A bridge to San José de Chila collapsed from an overflowing river. In Zamora, a large tree branch fell on a several commercial stalls. Numerous dams exceeded their capacities. In the Infiernillo Dam, water levels rose to 9.652 billion cubic meters. In the La Villita dam, water levels rose to 552 million cubic meters. Numerous people were evacuated and six shelters were opened. A federal disaster declaration was requested.[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][82][50] In Morelia, a four-year-old boy was killed after falling into a river.[72]

Elsewhere

In the State of Mexico and Colima, flooding, landslides, and fallen trees damaged numerous roads, forcing closures.[98] In the State of Mexico, several landslides forced the evacuation of 75 homes. Downed power lines were also reported. However, no significant damage nor deaths were reported.[99]

Aftermath

Costliest Pacific hurricanes
Rank Cyclone Season Damage Ref
1  5  Otis 2023 $12–16 billion [100]
2  1  Manuel 2013 $4.2 billion [101]
3  4  Iniki 1992 $3.1 billion [102]
4  3  2024 $2.45 billion [103]
5  4  Odile 2014 $1.82 billion [104]
6  TS  Agatha 2010 $1.1 billion [105]
7  4  Hilary 2023 $948 million [106]
8  5  Willa 2018 $825 million [107]
9  1  Madeline 1998 $750 million [108]
10  2  Rosa 1994 $700 million [109]

Following the hurricane, the Mexican Navy activated Plan DN-III-E, a disaster relief and rescue plan, with 25,000 military units deployed to assist residents affected by John.[110] At least 18,728 members of an international relief task force were sent to assist affected residents by the National Civil Protection Coordination. In the Costa Chica and Costa Grande regions, 5,000 people were placed in temporary storm shelters.[48] The National Human Rights Commission donated Mex$70 million (US$3.73 million) to help those affected by the storm.[111] In Oaxaca, where over 98,000 people lost power, 18,000 armed services members and government workers were deployed to assist in emergency response operations.[51] A total of 2,383 food parcels, 870 sleeping mats, and 200 packs of water were delivered to communities severely affected by the storm.[77] In 56 municipalities, 200 health centers were opened.[80] Mex$350 million (US$18.7 million) were allocated to repair the damage caused by the storm. Seed banks were also provided to help farmers affected by the storm.[83] A total of 762,000 cubic meters of soil were removed from mudslides and landslides. A total of Mex$358 million (US$19 million) were given out to support families affected by the storm.[112] The World Central Kitchen distributed over 878,000 meals to those impacted by the hurricane.[113] President Claudia Sheinbaum announced an 8 billion pesos (US$400 million) reconstruction plan to aid in rebuilding tourism and improving public services in Acapulco following the hurricane.[103] Mex$14.5 million (US$770,000) were allocated to support farmers severely affected by the storm in 47 municipalities.[63] Veterinary care and 1,700 kilograms of food were provided to support animals in shelters who were displaced by the storm.[62] In Guerrero, a total of Mex$5.75 billion (US$305 million) were given out to support families affected by the storm.[114] The government allocated Mex1.8 billion (US$96.1 million) to reconstruct roads and bridges damaged by the storm.[115] A total of 1,801 medical services were provided to those affected by the storm.[116]

Retirement

Main article: List of retired Pacific hurricane names

Due to the extensive destruction and loss of life this storm caused, the name John was retired by the World Meteorological Organization during the 47th Session of the RA IV Hurricane Committee on April 2, 2025, and will never be used again for an Eastern Pacific hurricane. It will be replaced by Jake in the 2030 season.[117]

See also

References

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